Magdil - Magdol in Birkat Hamazon
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Question
Why do we say 'Magdol' on Shabbat and 'Magdil' on weekdays?
Answer
Shalom Rav,
Two reasons are mentioned in the Abudraham:
A. Shabbat is called a 'great king', and the full vowel 'cholam' is called a 'great king', while the incomplete vowel 'chirik' is called a 'small king'.
B. When David recited the Psalms, he was not yet a king, and there he said 'Magdil'. When he recited the Book of Samuel, he was already a king, and there he said 'Magdol'. Therefore, on Shabbat, which is itself called a great king, it is appropriate to say 'Magdol', as he said during his reign.
Source
Abudraham on the order of the meal, the blessing of 'HaTov VeHaMetiv'.