Matanot La'Evyonim (Gifts to the Needy) on Purim
The Fundamental Obligation
Every member of the Jewish community, both men and women, is obligated to give two gifts to two individuals in need, ensuring each needy person receives one gift on Purim.
Use of Tithing Funds
It is important to note that these gifts should not come from one's tithe (Maaser) funds. However, contributions exceeding the basic obligation may be drawn from tithing.
Determining the Gift Amount
According to Halacha, the minimum gift amount is equivalent to a Perutah (about 10 Agorot), though some authorities suggest that due to the diminished purchasing power of a Perutah today, a larger sum is required. A practical amount might be one Shekel, satisfying the obligation for those who follow this opinion. Others argue for an amount that would provide significant benefit to the recipient, ranging from 10 to 50 NIS.
Ensuring Timely Delivery
The gifts must reach the needy on Purim itself. If direct giving is not feasible, one should ensure the needy person is made aware they are entitled to the equivalent value on Purim day. The person facilitating the gift on behalf of the donor does not need to know specifically who the beneficiaries are, as long as the intent to benefit the designated individuals is clear.
Handling and Distribution
When charity collectors gather funds for the needy, it is not necessary for the specific money donated to be directly handed to the needy; it can be exchanged for other funds.
Including Family Members
A single monetary donation can be made on behalf of oneself and all household members. This simplifies the process while ensuring each person's obligation is fulfilled. Similarly, one donation can suffice for two needy individuals, provided it is a substantial amount for each.
Pre-Purim Contributions
Money can be given to a charity collector before Purim as a deposit to be given to the needy on the holiday.
Acceptable Forms of Gifts
Traditionally, gifts to the needy are given in cash or food but not in clothing or other items.
Obligations for Women
Women are obligated in Matanot La'Evyonim. If a husband adds an extra sum for his wife's obligation, he should specify that it is intended for her, ensuring that the contribution is made with her in mind.
Educating Minors
There is a debate among later authorities about educating children to fulfill this mitzvah. Young men, even those dependent on their parents, are obligated to participate.
Community Preference
Ideally, one should give to a needy individual from their own locality, fostering a sense of community support and solidarity.
Doubtful Locations
In areas observing Purim on two days due to uncertainty, gifts should be distributed on both days to cover all obligations.
Direct to the Needy
Some hold the gifts should specifically go to those in dire need, as opposed to anyone who is merely poor, ensuring that those who struggle significantly benefit from the generosity.
Supporting Yeshiva Students
Contributing to Yeshiva students whose needs are not fully met by their institution or family also fulfills this mitzvah, supporting the future generation of scholars.
Yeshiva Funds
Donations to a Yeshiva fund support needy Torah scholars, although it does not fulfill the Matanot La'Evyonim obligation unless distributed on Purim.
Modern Methods of Giving
Using checks or bank transfers is effective if the needy can access the funds on Purim. Credit card donations are typically not sufficient unless the charity ensures cash is available to the needy on Purim, thereby meeting the obligation.
This guide aims to provide clarity and insight into the beautiful tradition of Matanot La'Evyonim, emphasizing the spirit of generosity and community that defines the Purim celebration.
