Ethiopian Jews

Can an Ethiopian Jew be counted for a minyan or get an aliyah?

Shalom! 

Thank you for your question. 

According to the vast majority of authorities, the Ethiopian Jews are not considered to be Jewish from the perspective of Halacha. This is due to many factors, such as the fact that the Ethiopians were historically unaware of the Talmud and Oral Law and therefore did not observe it or any other rabbinic laws. As such, all their marriages, divorces, and conversions are called into question since the validity of such ceremonies is dependent on the Oral Law. 

As such, Ethiopians should not be counted for a minyan nor be given an Aliyah unless it is known they underwent a “giyur l’chumra” – a formal conversion. 

Although the Ethiopians are not part of the halachic community, it is quite possible that they do originate from within the Jewish people. We must be sensitive to their feelings and be sure not to hurt or insult them in any way. Those who have indeed converted must be treated like Jews in every way.