The Custom of Reciting Yom Kippur Katan
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Question
Is it obligatory to recite the Yom Kippur Katan prayer, and what is its source?
Answer
Shalom Rav,
This is an ancient custom mentioned already at the end of the Rishonim period, to fast on the eve of Rosh Chodesh and increase prayers, and it was called 'Yom Kippur Katan' because sins are forgiven on this day, similar to Yom Kippur.
In our times, it is common that even those who do not fast add these prayers.
Source
Responsa Mahari Weil, Siman 193, Leket Yosher Orach Chaim, page 116, Magen Avraham, Siman 417, S.K. 3, and 426, S.K. 4. Mishnah Berurah, Siman 417, S.K. 4.